Authors and Sources


Authors

Exploration to Mid-19th Century (Volume II, Plate 2)
RICHARD I. RUGGLES Department of Geography, Queen's University

Sources

Exploration, 1818-1851 (Map)

Lapie map, 1821 (Static Map)

Arrowsmith map, 1832 (Static Map)

Back map, 1833-34 (Static Map)

Arrowsmith map, 1854 (Static Map)

Hudson's Bay Company explorers

The depiction of the HBC explorers' routes is based on extensive research in the Hudson's Bay Company Archives of the Provincial Archives of Manitoba, especially on manuscript maps, post journals, and correspondence with company headquarters in London, and between posts.

Mackenzie Area

  • Bell, John (1799-1868) CE 1: 200; DCB 9: 42-3
  • Black, Samuel (1780-1841) CE 1: 235; DCB 7: 78-9
  • Campbell, Robert (1808-94) DCB 12: 155-6
  • McBeath, Adam Alan Cooke and Clive Holland, The Exploration of Northern Canada, 500-1920: A Chronology (Toronto: Arctic History Press, 1978), p 172
  • McLeod, Alexander Roderick (1782-1840) DCB 7: 569-70
  • McLeod, John (1788-1849) DCB 7: 570-1
  • McPherson, Murdoch (ca 1796-1863) DCB 10: 541; 11: 570; 12: 156
  • Canada. Census. 1901: Vol 1, Table XI. 1931: Vol 2, Tables 32, 34. 1961: Vol 1, Pt 2, Tables 37, 38

    Arctic Area

  • Dease, Peter Warren (1788-1863) DCB 9: 196-9
  • Rae, John (1813-93) DCB 12: 876-9; Dictionary of National Biography (DNB) (London: Smith, Elder, 1885-1901) 16: 594-6
  • Simpson, Thomas (1808-40) DNB 18: 279-80; Encyclopedia Canadiana (EC) (Ottawa: Canadiana Co, 1957-8) 9: 317

    • Québec Area

  • Erlandson, Erland (ca 1790-1875) DCB 10: 272-3
  • Hendry, William Cooke and Holland, p 154
  • McLean, John (1798-1890) CE 2: 275; DCB 11: 569-70

    • Other British explorers

  • Austin, Horatio (1801-65) DCB 9: 11-13
  • Back, George (1796-1878) CE 1: 158; DCB 10: 26-9
  • Beechey, Frederick William (1796-1856) CE 1: 195; DCB 8: 70-2
  • Cormack, William (1796-1868) CE 1: 517; DCB 9: 158-62
  • Franklin, John (1786-1847) CE 2: 838-9; DCB 7: 323-8
  • King, Richard (ca 1810-76) DCB 10: 406-8
  • Lee, Thomas Cooke and Holland, p 178
  • M'Clure, Robert (or McClure) (1807-73) CE 2: 1257; DCB 10: 454-5
  • Ommanney, Erasmus Cooke and Holland, pp 184-5; DNB Suppl 1: 47-8
  • Parry, William Edward (1790-1855) CE 3: 1623; DCB 8: 683-6
  • Richardson, John (1787-1865) CE 3: 1868; DCB 9: 658-61
  • Ross, James (1800-62) CE 3: 1887; DCB 9: 691-4
  • Ross, John (1777-1856) CE 3: 1887-8; DCB 8: 770-4

    • Supposed explorers

  • de Fonte, Bartholomew (active 1640) DCB 1: 677
  • Maldonado, Lorenz Ferrer (active 1588) Cooke and Holland, p 25; DCB 1: 676

    • note: DCB stands for Dictionary of Canadian Biography

    Further Readings

  • Back, George. Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedition to the Mouth of the Great Fish River. London: George Murray, 1836
  • Berton, Pierre. The Arctic Grail: The Quest for the Northwest Passage and the North Pole, 1818-1904. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1988
  • Farley, A.L. Atlas of British Columbia: People, Environment, and Resource Use. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1979
  • Klemp, Egon. America in Maps, Dating from 1500 to 1856. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1976
  • Morton, Arthur S. A History of the Canadian West to 1870-1. 2nd ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973
  • The National Atlas of Canada. 4th ed, rev. Ottawa: Department of Energy, Mines and Resources and Information Canada / Toronto: Macmillan, 1974
  • Pelly, David F. Expedition: An Arctic Journey through History on George Back's River. Toronto: Betelgeuse Books, 1981
  • Rich, Edwin Ernest. The History of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1670-1870. 2 vols. Lon¬don: Hudson's Bay Company Record Society, 1958-9
  • Ruggles, Richard I. A Country So Interesting: The Hudson's Bay Company and Two Centuries of Mapping, 1670-1870. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991
  • Schwartz, Seymour I., and Ralph Ehrenberg. The Mapping of America. New York: Abrams, 1980
  • Taylor, Andrew. Geographical Discovery and Exploration in the Queen Elizabeth Islands. Geographical Branch, Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, Memoir 3. Ottawa, 1955
  • Thomson, Don W. Men and Meridians: The History of Surveying and Mapping in Canada. Vol. 1. Ottawa, 1966
  • Verner, Coolie, and Basil Stuart-Stubbs. The North Part of America. Don Mills, Ont: Academic Press, 1979
  • Warkentin, John, and Richard I. Ruggles. Manitoba Historical Atlas: A Selection of Facsimile Map Plans and Sketches from 1612 to 1969. Winnipeg: Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba, 1970